Author: Jessica.F

Iodide is one of the largest monatomic anions. It is assigned a radius of around 206 picometers. 1120-90-7, formula is C5H4IN, Name is 3-Iodopyridine.For comparison, the lighter halides are considerably smaller: bromide (196 pm), chloride (181 pm), and fluoride (133 pm). In part because of its size, iodide forms relatively weak bonds with most elements. Quality Control of 1120-90-7.

Orha, Laszlo;Papp, Abraham;Tukacs, Jozsef M.;Kollar, Laszlo;Mika, Laszlo T. research published 《 Tetrabutylphosphonium 4-ethoxyvalerate as a biomass-originated media for homogeneous palladium-catalyzed Hiyama coupling reactions》, the research content is summarized as follows. The introduction of a biomass-derived ionic liquid into the Hiyama coupling reactions, which has been considered as a powerful tool for the synthesis of sym. and non-sym. substituted biaryl structures, could further control or even reduce the environmental impact of this transformation. It was shown that tetrabutylphosphonium 4-ethoxyvalerate, a γ-valerolactone-based ionic liquid, can be utilized as an alternative solvent to create carbon-carbon bonds between aryl iodides and functionalized organosilanes in the presence of 1 mol% Pd under typical Hiyama conditions (130°C, 24 h, tetrabutylammonium fluoride activator). A comparison of different ionic liquids was performed, and the effects of the catalyst precursor and the moisture content of the reaction mixture on the activity of the catalyst system were investigated. The functional group tolerance was also studied, resulting in 15 cross-coupling products (3a-o) with isolated yields of 45-72% and excellent purity (> 98%).

Quality Control of 1120-90-7, 3-Iodopyridine is a heteroaryl halide. It undergoes microwave-assisted coupling with heterocyclic compounds (pyrazole, imidazole, pyrrole and indole) to afford the corresponding N-3-pyridinyl-substituted heterocyclic compounds.

3-Iodopyridine is a useful research chemical used as a reactant in the copper-catalyzed coupling of alkylamines and aryl iodides.

3-Iodopyridine is an isomeric compound that can be synthesized by cross-coupling reactions. This compound has been shown to have nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding properties and may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. 3-Iodopyridine is a primary amino acid that can be used for the synthesis of amines, which are nitrogen nucleophiles. It has been crystallized with halides and its x-ray structures have been determined. The nmr spectra of 3-iodopyridine show that it contains phosphorus and nitrogen atoms. 3-Iodopyridine is also able to take up nitrate ions from solution, which may be due to its uptake properties., 1120-90-7.

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Alkyl iodides react at a faster rate than alkyl fluorides due to the weak C-I bond. Iodo alkanes participate in a variety of organic synthesis reactions, which include the Simmons-Smith reaction (cyclopropanation using iodomethane), 5029-67-4, formula is C5H4IN, Name is 2-Iodopyridine. Williamson ether synthesis, Wittig reaction, Grignard reaction, alkyl coupling reactions, and Wurtz reaction. COA of Formula: C5H4IN.

Ondrisek, Pavol;Elie, Margaux;Pupier, Marion;de Aguirre, Adiran;Poblador-Bahamonde, Amalia I.;Besnard, Celine;Lacour, Jerome research published 《 Acetylene Derivatives of Cationic Diazaoxatriangulenes and Diaza [4]Helicenes – Access to Red Emitters and Planar Chiral Stereochemical Traits》, the research content is summarized as follows. Herein, to upset this drawback, acetylene derivatives of cationic diazaoxa triangulenes (DAOTA) I [Ar = Ph, 4-MeOC₆H₄, 2-thienyl, etc.] and [4]helicenes II were prepared Contrary to other EDG-functionalized derivatives, CC- functionalized products remain broadly fluorescent, with red-shifted absorptions (Δλabs up to 25 nm) and emissions (Δλem up to 73 nm, φPL up to 51%). Quite interestingly, a general dynamic stereoisomerism phenomenon was evidenced for the compounds derived from achiral DAOTA cores. At low temperature in ¹H NMR spectroscopy (218 K), N-CH₂ protons became diastereotopic with chem. shifts differences (Δδ) as high as +1.64 ppm. The signal coalescence occurred around 273 K with a barrier of ∼12 kcal mol^-1. This phenomenon was due to planar chiral conformations (S_p and R_p configurations), induced by the geometry of the alkyl (n-propyl) side-chains next to the acetylenic substituents. Ion pairing studies with Δ-TRISPHAT anion not only confirmed the occurrence of the chiral conformations but evidence a moderate but definite asym. induction from the chiral anion onto the cations. Finally, DFT calculations offered a valuable insight on the geometries, the corresponding stereodynamics and also on the very large difference in NMR for some of the diastereotopic protons.

5029-67-4, 2-Iodopyridine can be synthesized from 2-chloropyridine or 2-bromopyridine via treatment with iodotrimethylsilane.
2-Iodopyridine, also known as 2-Iodopyridine, is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C5H4IN and its molecular weight is 205 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2-Iodopyridine is a halogenated building block. It is a reagent used in the preparation of human NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitors
2-Iodopyridine is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. The molecule contains a methyl group and two iodine atoms. 2-Iodopyridine has several industrial uses. It acts as a precursor to various pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The compound also exhibits insulin resistance properties, which may be related to its ability to bind to the insulin receptor and inhibit insulin signaling. 2-Iodopyridine can also be used for treating cancer because it binds to the DNA of cancer cells, preventing replication and leading to cell death.
2-Iodopyridine is a reagent used in the preparation of human NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitors., COA of Formula: C5H4IN

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Organic iodides are used in veterinary products (Organic Iodide Powder) as a nutritional source of iodine. 626-01-7, formula is C6H6IN, Name is 3-Iodoaniline. In the chemical industry, alkyl iodides serve as excellent alkylating agents and, specifically, methyl iodide is used as a methylating agent in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical drugs. Safety of 3-Iodoaniline.

Oliva, Monica;Ranjan, Prabhat;Pillitteri, Serena;Coppola, Guglielmo Attilio;Messina, Monica;Van der Eycken, Erik V.;Sharma, Upendra Kumar research published 《 Photoredox-catalyzed multicomponent Petasis reaction in batch and continuous flow with alkyl boronic acids》, the research content is summarized as follows. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are ideal platforms for the generation of a wide variety of organic scaffolds in a convergent and atom-economical manner. Many strategies for the generation of highly substituted and diverse structures have been developed and among these, the Petasis reaction represents a viable reaction manifold for the synthesis of substituted amines via coupling of an amine, an aldehyde and a boronic acid (BA). Despite its synthetic utility, the inherent drawbacks associated with the traditional two-electron Petasis reaction have stimulated continuous research towards more facile and tolerant methodologies. In this regard, the authors present the use of free alkyl BAs as effective radical precursors in this MCR through a single-electron transfer mechanism under mild reaction conditions. The authors have further demonstrated its applicability to photo-flow reactors, facilitating the reaction scale-up for the rapid assembly of complex mol. structures.

Safety of 3-Iodoaniline, 3-Iodoaniline is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C6H6IN and its molecular weight is 219.02 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

3-Iodoaniline is a fatty acid that is used in analytical methods to measure the concentration of human serum in blood. It can be used to estimate the population growth rate, with a half-life of about 13 hours. 3-Iodoaniline reacts with hydrogen bond and proton to form a reaction solution, which can be catalyzed by palladium-catalyzed coupling and suzuki coupling reactions. The activation energies for these reactions are typically in the range of 4-8 kcal/mol. The chemical ionization technique is a type of mass spectrometry that is used to determine kinetic data for this compound. Hydrochloric acid can be added as an acid catalyst to increase the rate of reaction and generate more accurate kinetic data., 626-01-7.

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Alkyl iodides react at a faster rate than alkyl fluorides due to the weak C-I bond. Iodo alkanes participate in a variety of organic synthesis reactions, which include the Simmons-Smith reaction (cyclopropanation using iodomethane), 5029-67-4, formula is C5H4IN, Name is 2-Iodopyridine. Williamson ether synthesis, Wittig reaction, Grignard reaction, alkyl coupling reactions, and Wurtz reaction. Application of C5H4IN.

Olding, Angus;Ho, Curtis C.;Canty, Allan J.;Lucas, Nigel T.;Horne, James;Bissember, Alex C. research published 《 Synthesis of Arylpalladium(II) Boronates: Confirming the Structure and Chemical Competence of Pre-transmetalation Intermediates in the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction》, the research content is summarized as follows. Pd(II) boronates are recognized as fundamental pre-transmetalation intermediates in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings. While these typically transient species were detected and studied spectroscopically, it is conspicuous that they have never been isolated since this important reaction was discovered over forty years ago. This study reports the synthesis of a family of unprecedented arylpalladium(II) boronates that are, by design, kinetically stable at ambient temperature, both in solution and in the solid state. These properties enabled unambiguous crystallog. confirmation of their structure for the 1st time and their chem. competence in a Suzuki-Miyaura reaction was demonstrated.

5029-67-4, 2-Iodopyridine can be synthesized from 2-chloropyridine or 2-bromopyridine via treatment with iodotrimethylsilane.
2-Iodopyridine, also known as 2-Iodopyridine, is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C5H4IN and its molecular weight is 205 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2-Iodopyridine is a halogenated building block. It is a reagent used in the preparation of human NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitors
2-Iodopyridine is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. The molecule contains a methyl group and two iodine atoms. 2-Iodopyridine has several industrial uses. It acts as a precursor to various pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The compound also exhibits insulin resistance properties, which may be related to its ability to bind to the insulin receptor and inhibit insulin signaling. 2-Iodopyridine can also be used for treating cancer because it binds to the DNA of cancer cells, preventing replication and leading to cell death.
2-Iodopyridine is a reagent used in the preparation of human NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitors., Application of C5H4IN

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

In everyday life, iodide is most commonly encountered as a component of iodized salt, which many governments mandate. 5029-67-4, formula is C5H4IN, Name is 2-Iodopyridine. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability. Reference of 5029-67-4.

Okitsu, Takashi;Iwatsuka, Kinya;Nakagawa, Kimie;Okano, Toshio;Wada, Akimori research published 《 Concise preparation and biological evaluations of 9-cis-retinoic acid analogues having an aromatic ring》, the research content is summarized as follows. A series of 9-cis-retinoic acid analogs I (R = Ph, pyridin-2-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, etc.) having an aromatic ring were prepared in only two steps, and were evaluated for transcriptional activities with retinoic acid response element (RARE) and retinoid X response element (RXRE). Among them, compound I ( = 2-naphthyl) exhibited the highest transcriptional activity with RXR selectivity.

Reference of 5029-67-4, 2-Iodopyridine can be synthesized from 2-chloropyridine or 2-bromopyridine via treatment with iodotrimethylsilane.
2-Iodopyridine, also known as 2-Iodopyridine, is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C5H4IN and its molecular weight is 205 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2-Iodopyridine is a halogenated building block. It is a reagent used in the preparation of human NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitors
2-Iodopyridine is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. The molecule contains a methyl group and two iodine atoms. 2-Iodopyridine has several industrial uses. It acts as a precursor to various pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The compound also exhibits insulin resistance properties, which may be related to its ability to bind to the insulin receptor and inhibit insulin signaling. 2-Iodopyridine can also be used for treating cancer because it binds to the DNA of cancer cells, preventing replication and leading to cell death.
2-Iodopyridine is a reagent used in the preparation of human NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitors., 5029-67-4.

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

In everyday life, iodide is most commonly encountered as a component of iodized salt, which many governments mandate. 1120-90-7, formula is C5H4IN, Name is 3-Iodopyridine. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability. Category: iodides-buliding-blocks.

Okitsu, Takashi;Iwatsuka, Kinya;Nakagawa, Kimie;Okano, Toshio;Wada, Akimori research published 《 Concise preparation and biological evaluations of 9-cis-retinoic acid analogues having an aromatic ring》, the research content is summarized as follows. A series of 9-cis-retinoic acid analogs I (R = Ph, pyridin-2-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, etc.) having an aromatic ring were prepared in only two steps, and were evaluated for transcriptional activities with retinoic acid response element (RARE) and retinoid X response element (RXRE). Among them, compound I ( = 2-naphthyl) exhibited the highest transcriptional activity with RXR selectivity.

1120-90-7, 3-Iodopyridine is a heteroaryl halide. It undergoes microwave-assisted coupling with heterocyclic compounds (pyrazole, imidazole, pyrrole and indole) to afford the corresponding N-3-pyridinyl-substituted heterocyclic compounds.

3-Iodopyridine is a useful research chemical used as a reactant in the copper-catalyzed coupling of alkylamines and aryl iodides.

3-Iodopyridine is an isomeric compound that can be synthesized by cross-coupling reactions. This compound has been shown to have nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding properties and may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. 3-Iodopyridine is a primary amino acid that can be used for the synthesis of amines, which are nitrogen nucleophiles. It has been crystallized with halides and its x-ray structures have been determined. The nmr spectra of 3-iodopyridine show that it contains phosphorus and nitrogen atoms. 3-Iodopyridine is also able to take up nitrate ions from solution, which may be due to its uptake properties., Category: iodides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Alkyl iodides react at a faster rate than alkyl fluorides due to the weak C-I bond. Iodo alkanes participate in a variety of organic synthesis reactions, which include the Simmons-Smith reaction (cyclopropanation using iodomethane), 626-01-7, formula is C6H6IN, Name is 3-Iodoaniline. Williamson ether synthesis, Wittig reaction, Grignard reaction, alkyl coupling reactions, and Wurtz reaction. Recommanded Product: 3-Iodoaniline.

Okamoto, Kazuhiro;Ishikawa, Aoi;Okawa, Ryotaro;Yamamoto, Kazuki;Sato, Toyotaka;Yokota, Shin-ichi;Chiba, Kazuhiro;Ichikawa, Satoshi research published 《 Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of simplified analogues of MraY inhibitory natural product with rigid scaffold》, the research content is summarized as follows. Muraymycins and caprazamycins are strong inhibitors of MraY, which is responsible for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Although they are promising antibacterial agents with a novel mode of action, their chem. structures are rather complex. This study investigated the simplification of these natural products by structure-based drug design, synthesis, and biol. evaluation. We developed a simplified rigid scaffold with an arylalkyne moiety, which shows sub-micromolar MraY inhibitory activity. The scaffold is suitable for further investigating the structure-activity relationship by virtue of our synthetic strategy, where the substituent of interest is installed in the last stage of synthesis. This scaffold shows the potential for further use in optimizing MraY inhibitory and antibacterial activities.

626-01-7, 3-Iodoaniline is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C6H6IN and its molecular weight is 219.02 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

3-Iodoaniline is a fatty acid that is used in analytical methods to measure the concentration of human serum in blood. It can be used to estimate the population growth rate, with a half-life of about 13 hours. 3-Iodoaniline reacts with hydrogen bond and proton to form a reaction solution, which can be catalyzed by palladium-catalyzed coupling and suzuki coupling reactions. The activation energies for these reactions are typically in the range of 4-8 kcal/mol. The chemical ionization technique is a type of mass spectrometry that is used to determine kinetic data for this compound. Hydrochloric acid can be added as an acid catalyst to increase the rate of reaction and generate more accurate kinetic data., Recommanded Product: 3-Iodoaniline

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Organic iodides are used in veterinary products (Organic Iodide Powder) as a nutritional source of iodine. 626-01-7, formula is C6H6IN, Name is 3-Iodoaniline. In the chemical industry, alkyl iodides serve as excellent alkylating agents and, specifically, methyl iodide is used as a methylating agent in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical drugs. Recommanded Product: 3-Iodoaniline.

Oekchuae, Sittisak;Sirirak, Jitnapa;Charoensuksai, Purin;Wongprayoon, Pawaris;Chuaypen, Natthaya;Boonsombat, Jutatip;Ruchirawat, Somsak;Tangkijvanich, Pisit;Suksamrarn, Apichart;Limpachayaporn, Panupun research published 《 The Design and Synthesis of a New Series of 1,2,3-Triazole-Cored Structures Tethering Aryl Urea and Their Highly Selective Cytotoxicity toward HepG2》, the research content is summarized as follows. Herein, a new series of 1,2,3-triazole-cored structures incorporating aryl urea I [R = H, 2-Me, 4-F, etc.] as anti-HepG2 agents was designed and synthesized via nucleophilic addition and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with excellent yields. Significantly, almost all triazole-cored analogs exhibited less cytotoxicity toward normal cells, human embryonal lung fibroblast cell MRC-5, compared to Sorafenib and Doxorubicin. Among them, I [R = 2-OEt, 2-Cl] exhibited the highest selectivity indexes (SI = 14.7 and 12.2), which were ca. 4.4- and 3.7-fold superior to that of Sorafenib (SI = 3.30) and ca. 3.8- and 3.2-fold superior to that of Doxorubicin (SI = 3.83), resp. Addnl., excellent inhibitory activity against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, comparable to Sorafenib, was still maintained. A cell-cycle anal. and apoptosis induction study suggested that I [R = 2-OEt, 2-Cl] likely share a similar mechanism of action to Sorafenib. Furthermore, compounds I [R = 2-OEt, 2-Cl] exhibit appropriate drug-likeness, analyzed by SwissADME. With their excellent anti-HepG2 activity, improved selectivity indexes, and appropriate druggability, the triazole-cored analogs I [R = 2-OEt, 2-Cl] are suggested to be promising candidates for development as targeted cancer agents and drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HCC.

Recommanded Product: 3-Iodoaniline, 3-Iodoaniline is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C6H6IN and its molecular weight is 219.02 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

3-Iodoaniline is a fatty acid that is used in analytical methods to measure the concentration of human serum in blood. It can be used to estimate the population growth rate, with a half-life of about 13 hours. 3-Iodoaniline reacts with hydrogen bond and proton to form a reaction solution, which can be catalyzed by palladium-catalyzed coupling and suzuki coupling reactions. The activation energies for these reactions are typically in the range of 4-8 kcal/mol. The chemical ionization technique is a type of mass spectrometry that is used to determine kinetic data for this compound. Hydrochloric acid can be added as an acid catalyst to increase the rate of reaction and generate more accurate kinetic data., 626-01-7.

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Alkyl iodides react at a faster rate than alkyl fluorides due to the weak C-I bond. Iodo alkanes participate in a variety of organic synthesis reactions, which include the Simmons-Smith reaction (cyclopropanation using iodomethane), 1120-90-7, formula is C5H4IN, Name is 3-Iodopyridine. Williamson ether synthesis, Wittig reaction, Grignard reaction, alkyl coupling reactions, and Wurtz reaction. Reference of 1120-90-7.

Obradors, Carla;List, Benjamin research published 《 Azine Activation via Silylium Catalysis》, the research content is summarized as follows. A direct, catalytic and selective functionalization of azines via silylium activation was described. The catalyst design enabled mild conditions and a remarkable functional group tolerance in a one-pot setup.

Reference of 1120-90-7, 3-Iodopyridine is a heteroaryl halide. It undergoes microwave-assisted coupling with heterocyclic compounds (pyrazole, imidazole, pyrrole and indole) to afford the corresponding N-3-pyridinyl-substituted heterocyclic compounds.

3-Iodopyridine is a useful research chemical used as a reactant in the copper-catalyzed coupling of alkylamines and aryl iodides.

3-Iodopyridine is an isomeric compound that can be synthesized by cross-coupling reactions. This compound has been shown to have nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding properties and may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. 3-Iodopyridine is a primary amino acid that can be used for the synthesis of amines, which are nitrogen nucleophiles. It has been crystallized with halides and its x-ray structures have been determined. The nmr spectra of 3-iodopyridine show that it contains phosphorus and nitrogen atoms. 3-Iodopyridine is also able to take up nitrate ions from solution, which may be due to its uptake properties., 1120-90-7.

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

In general, organic iodides are light-sensitive and turn yellow during storage, owing to the formation of iodine. 5029-67-4, formula is C5H4IN, Name is 2-Iodopyridine.Organic iodides can be alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, and all of them are very reactive toward with many kinds of nucleophiles. Category: iodides-buliding-blocks.

Niu, Zhi-Jie;Li, Lian-Hua;Li, Xue-Song;Liu, Hong-Chao;Shi, Wei-Yu;Liang, Yong-Min research published 《 Formation of o-Allyl- and Allenyl-Modified Amides via Intermolecular Claisen Rearrangement》, the research content is summarized as follows. A new transition-metal-free intermol. Claisen rearrangement process introduced allyl and allenyl groups into the α position of tertiary amides. In this transformation, amides were activated by trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride to produce the keteniminium ion intermediates that exhibit strong electrophilic activity. This atom-economical process delivers α position-modified amides under mild conditions in moderate to good yields and showcased a broad substrate compatibility.

5029-67-4, 2-Iodopyridine can be synthesized from 2-chloropyridine or 2-bromopyridine via treatment with iodotrimethylsilane.
2-Iodopyridine, also known as 2-Iodopyridine, is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C5H4IN and its molecular weight is 205 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2-Iodopyridine is a halogenated building block. It is a reagent used in the preparation of human NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitors
2-Iodopyridine is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. The molecule contains a methyl group and two iodine atoms. 2-Iodopyridine has several industrial uses. It acts as a precursor to various pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The compound also exhibits insulin resistance properties, which may be related to its ability to bind to the insulin receptor and inhibit insulin signaling. 2-Iodopyridine can also be used for treating cancer because it binds to the DNA of cancer cells, preventing replication and leading to cell death.
2-Iodopyridine is a reagent used in the preparation of human NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitors., Category: iodides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com