The important role of 4-Chloro-2-iodobenzoic acid

Chemical properties determine the actual use. Each compound has specific chemical properties and uses. We look forward to more synthetic routes in the future to expand reaction routes of 13421-13-1.

Each compound has different characteristics, and only by selecting the characteristics of the compound suitable for a specific situation can the compound be applied on a large scale. 13421-13-1, name is 4-Chloro-2-iodobenzoic acid, This compound has unique chemical properties. The synthetic route is as follows., name: 4-Chloro-2-iodobenzoic acid

Sodium hydroxide (15.3g, 272mmol) in 180mL water solution of the 4- chloro-2-benzoic Acid iodide (15.4g, 54.5mmol), copper powder (0.346g, 5.5mmol), thiophenol (5.57mL, 54.5 It was placed mmol). After heating the reaction mixture solution to 120 C to proceed the reaction for 8 hours, it was passed through Celite and the filtered to remove the copper. While the mixed solution was filtered and stirred to progress after cooling to room temperature, it was added an excess of aqueous HCl solution (5M, 100mL). The resulting white solid was filtered and dried under reduced pressure after washing with excess water under reduced pressure to give the title compound as a white solid (13.7g, 95%).

Chemical properties determine the actual use. Each compound has specific chemical properties and uses. We look forward to more synthetic routes in the future to expand reaction routes of 13421-13-1.

Reference:
Patent; Dongwoo Fine-Chem.,Ltd.; Jo, Sung Hyun; Kim, Hyun Woo; (11 pag.)KR2015/15102; (2015); A;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
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Continuously updated synthesis method about 2-Iodoacetonitrile

In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles, 2-Iodoacetonitrile, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see.

Adding a certain compound to certain chemical reactions, such as: 624-75-9, name is 2-Iodoacetonitrile, belongs to iodides-buliding-blocks compound, can increase the reaction rate and produce products with better performance than those obtained under traditional synthetic methods. Here is a downstream synthesis route of the compound 624-75-9, Quality Control of 2-Iodoacetonitrile

Example 112b Methyl 3-(Cyanomethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizine-2-carboxylate 112b A 500-mL three-neck round-bottomed flask equipped with an addition funnel, thermometer and charged with 112a (6.70 g, 37.4 mmol), Iodoacetonitrile (12.5 g, 74.9 mmol), iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (5.20 g, 18.7 mmol) and dimethyl sulfoxide (250 mL). Hydrogen peroxide (35%, 18.2 g, 187 mmol) was added dropwise to the mixture in 1 h through a syringe pump at room temperature using a water bath. Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (2 to 3 equivalent) was added to the reaction mixture in portions to keep the temperature between 25 C to 35 C, until the color of the reaction mixture is deep red. If TLC shows the reaction not completed, then more hydrogen peroxide (2-3 equivalent) and more iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (1-2 equivalent) are added in the same manner until the reaction is completed. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (200 mL) and ethyl acetate (400 mL). The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 * 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated Sodium thiosulfate solution (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to afford a 78% yield (6.40 g) of 112b as a yellow oil: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) delta 6.23 (s, 1H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 3.94 (t, 2H, J = 6.5 Hz), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.74 (t, 2H, J = 6.5 Hz), 2.00 (m, 2H), 1.83 (m, 2H); (APCI+) m/z 219.3 (M+H)

In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles, 2-Iodoacetonitrile, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see.

Reference:
Patent; F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG; CRAWFORD, James John; ORTWINE, Daniel Fred; WEI, BinQing; YOUNG, Wendy B.; EP2773638; (2015); B1;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Research on new synthetic routes about 1-(3-Iodophenyl)ethanone

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Electric Literature of 14452-30-3, A common heterocyclic compound, 14452-30-3, name is 1-(3-Iodophenyl)ethanone, molecular formula is C8H7IO, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

Example 63; 5-[1-(3-Iodophenyl)-ethoxy]-quinazoline-2,4-diamine; [00203] Step 1; To a cold (ice water) solution of 3-iodoacetophenone (2.59 gm; 10.5 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) is added sodium borohydride (395 mg; 10.4 mmol) is stirred for thirty minutes. Water (10 mL) is added to the solution and stirred 15 minutes. Saturated ammonium chloride (40 mL) is added and the solution is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organics are separated and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent is removed to give 2.26 grams of 1-(3-iodophenyl)-ethanol.

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Reference:
Patent; DECODE CHEMISTRY, INC.; SINGH, Jasbir; GURNEY, Mark E.; WO2005/123724; (2005); A1;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Introduction of a new synthetic route about 1,3-Diiodopropane(stabilized with Copper chip)

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 1,3-Diiodopropane(stabilized with Copper chip), its application will become more common.

Related Products of 627-31-6,Some common heterocyclic compound, 627-31-6, name is 1,3-Diiodopropane(stabilized with Copper chip), molecular formula is C3H6I2, traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

3,5-bis(4-iodobutyl) pyridine was prepared following a modifiedprocedure reported in the literature [24,25]. 3,5-dimethyl pyridine(1.5 g, 16.0 mmol) in dry THF (32 mL) was treated with Lithium diisopropylamide(19.3 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere at -30 C for1 h. 1,3-diiodopropane (7.8 g, 32.2 mmol) was then added quickly intothe reaction mixture to produce 3,5-bis(4-bromobutyl)pyridine. Theproduct was purified by silica gel column chromatography using amixture of hexane/EA as eluent to get a light brown colour oil compound(2). Here the yield is around 82%. The synthesis of compound(3) 3,5-bis(4-bromobutyl)pyridine has been done by the same procedureas of compound (2). The synthetic route is given in Scheme 2. 2.2.1.1. Compound 2. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): delta(ppm) 8.11 (s,2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 3.33 (t, 4H), 2.67 (t, 4H), 1.82 (m, 4H), 1.59 (m, 4H),13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): delta(ppm) 147.3, 139.7, 137.1, 32.6, 30.1,28.6, 27.3.

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 1,3-Diiodopropane(stabilized with Copper chip), its application will become more common.

Reference:
Retracted Article; Vekariya, Rohit L.; Dhar, Abhishek; Kumar, Nadavala Siva; Pal, Rumpa; Roy, Subhasis; Organic electronics; vol. 51; (2017); p. 477 – 484;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

The origin of a common compound about 2-Iodo-4,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid

If you are interested in these compounds, you can also browse my other articles.Thank you for taking the time to read this article. I hope you enjoyed it.

Adding a certain compound to certain chemical reactions, such as: 61203-48-3, name is 2-Iodo-4,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid, belongs to iodides-buliding-blocks compound, can increase the reaction rate and produce products with better performance than those obtained under traditional synthetic methods. Here is a downstream synthesis route of the compound 61203-48-3, Computed Properties of C9H9IO4

The intermediate 4-amino-6,7-methylenedioxyquinoline o-iodobenzamide derivatives used in Examples 13. a.- 16. a. were prepared using the following general procedure.[221] A 2.0M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH2CI2 (1.3 equiv.) was added to a solution of 2-iodo-5,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid (1.0 equiv.) in anhydrous CH2CI2 (~ 60 mL per 10 mmol benzoic acid) and the solution stirred at reflux for 3 h. The mixture was allowed to cool and was then concentrated to dryness in vacuo. To the residue was added a solution of appropriate 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinoline (1.0 equiv), triethylamine (2 equiv.) in CH2CI2 (~ 60 mL per 4 mmol aminoquinoline). The reaction mixture was then stirred at reflux under N2. . In the case of those derivatives that have an alkylamine incorporated in their structure, the residue was partitioned between CHCI3 and 10% NaOH. The aqueous layer was repeatedly separated with CHCI3. All of the CHCI3 solutions (initial partition and extracts) were combined and dried (MgS04). The aqueous layer was neutralized with 20% NaOH and extracted with CHCI3, dried (MgS04) and evaporated.Example 13.b. N-(6,7-Methylenedioxyquinolin-4-yl)-N-[(2-(i- butyldimethylsilanyloxy)-ethyl] -2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxybenzamide. Prepared from 4- N-[2-(t-Butyldimethylsilanyloxy)]ethyl]amino-6,7-methylenedioxyquinoline (400 mg, 1.15 mmol) in 51.7% yield with a reaction time of 12 h, from the acid chloride prepared using 5.0 mmol of oxalyl chloride and 1.38 mmol of 2-iodo-5,6- dimethoxybenzoic acid. Compound 8h had: mp 79-80 C; IR (KBr); 1653 1H NMR (CDCI3); delta 0.004 (d, 3H, J = 4.2Hz), 0.82 (s, 9H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.84- 4.02 (m, 4H), 6.13 (d, 2H, J = 4Hz), 6.40 (s, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, 1H, J = 4.2Hz), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, 1H, J = 4Hz); HRMS calcd for C27H33IS1N2O6H 637.1232; observed 637.1212

If you are interested in these compounds, you can also browse my other articles.Thank you for taking the time to read this article. I hope you enjoyed it.

Reference:
Patent; GENZYME CORPORATION; TEICHER, Beverly, A.; SCHMID, Steven, M.; WO2012/15901; (2012); A1;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Some tips on 2,6-Dichloro-4-iodobenzoic acid

The synthetic route of 1258298-01-9 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Related Products of 1258298-01-9, A common heterocyclic compound, 1258298-01-9, name is 2,6-Dichloro-4-iodobenzoic acid, molecular formula is C7H3Cl2IO2, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

4-Amino-2,6-dichloro-phenol (50 g) was treated with B0C2O (69g ) in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.8 L) at reflux for 18h before the volatiles were removed in vacuo affording (3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-carbamic acid fert-butyl ester (70 g), which was used for next step without further purification. This procedure was repeated to afford more of this material. 86 g of the compound and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (49 g) were dissolved in DCM (0.9 L). Tf20 (104 g) was added drop-wise at -78 C. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature whereafter it was stirred for 2h. The crude mixture was partitioned between water and DCM. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent: petane:EtOAc 30: 1) to afford trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 4-fert-butoxycarbonylamino-2,6- dichloro-phenyl ester (73 g). This material was mixed with Pd(DPPF)Ci2 (4 g), triethylamine (102 mL) in a mixture of methanol (580 mL) and DMF (384 mL). The mixture was refluxed under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide overnight before it was cooled, concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent: pentane:EtOAc 80: 1) to afford A-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-2,6-dichloro-benzoic acid methyl ester (12 g). 7 g of this material was dissolved in 37% aq HC1 (70 mL), and a solution of sodium nitrite (3.75 g) in water (100 mL) was added drop-wise at 0 C. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0 C before it was filtered and the filtrate was added to a pre-cooled solution of potassium iodide (24 g) at 0 C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with sat. aq NaHSC>3 before it was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent: pentane:EtOAc 50: 1) to afford 2,6-dichloro-4-iodo- benzoic acid methyl ester (7.9 g). This material was dissolved in a mixture of pyridine (40 mL) and water (7 mL) and treated with lithium iodide (3.2 g) at 130 C for 30h before the volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between 2M aq HC1 and EtOAc. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to afford 2,6-dichloro-4-iodo-benzoic acid (3 g). 0.5 g of this material was stirred in thionyl chloride (8 mL) at 60 C for 3h before excess thionyl chloride was removed in vacuo. The residue was washed with ether and dried to afford 2,6-dichloro-4-iodo-benzoyl chloride (0.53g) that was used directly in the next step where it was dissolved in a mixture of DMF (20 mL) and DIPEA (0.57 mL). To this solution was added lid (277 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for lh. The volatiles were removed in vacuo, and residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (eluent: DCMMeOH 100:1 to 30:1) to afford 2,6-dichloro-4-iodo-benzoic acid N’-(2-methyl- pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3-yl)-hydrazide (250 mg). This procedure was repeated to afford more material. 380 mg of the compound was dissolved in 1 ,4-dioxane (5 mL). Phosphoryl chloride (4 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 90 C for 1.5h. The volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between DCM and water. The organic layer was washed with sat. aq. NaHCOs, dried over NaSO i, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative TLC (eluent: pentane:EtOAc 2:1) to afford example Id6 (45.5 mg). LC/MS (method WXE-AB10): RT(PDA) = 2.39 min; PDA/ELS purities 97.1% / 98.3%; mass observed 456.0.

The synthetic route of 1258298-01-9 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference:
Patent; H. LUNDBECK A/S; J?RGENSEN, Morten; BRUUN, Anne Techau; RASMUSSEN, Lars Kyhn; WO2013/34761; (2013); A1;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

The important role of (5-Fluoro-2-iodophenyl)methanol

At the same time, in my other blogs, there are other synthetic methods of this type of compound, (5-Fluoro-2-iodophenyl)methanol, and friends who are interested can also refer to it.

Synthetic Route of 877264-43-2, As we all know, there are many different methods for the synthesis of a compound, and people can choose the synthesis method that suits their own laboratory according to the actual situation. 877264-43-2 name is (5-Fluoro-2-iodophenyl)methanol, This compound is widely used in many fields, so it is necessary to find a new synthetic route. The downstream synthesis method of this compound is introduced below.

To a solution of (5-fluoro-2-iodophenyl)methanol (3.78 g, 0.015 mol) in CH2CI2 (40 mL), imidazole (3.0 g, 0.045 mol) and TBDMS chloride (2.5 g, 0.016 mol) are added successfully, the reaction mass is stirred at room temperature for 8 hrs. After completion, reaction mass is quenched with water, washed with brine solution, extracted with CH2CI2, and the organic layer is dried over Na2S04, and concentrated to give tert-butyl((5-fluoro-2- iodobenzyl)oxy)dimethylsilane (3b) (Yield-88%).

At the same time, in my other blogs, there are other synthetic methods of this type of compound, (5-Fluoro-2-iodophenyl)methanol, and friends who are interested can also refer to it.

Reference:
Patent; BIOPHORE INDIA PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD.; PULLAGURLA, Manik Reddy; NANDA KUMAR, Mecheril Valsan; PITTA, Bhaskar Reddy; RANGISETTY, Jagadeesh Babu; (55 pag.)WO2017/183043; (2017); A1;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Share a compound : 1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-iodopropane

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 460-37-7, its application will become more common.

Some common heterocyclic compound, 460-37-7, name is 1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-iodopropane, molecular formula is C3H4F3I, traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route. COA of Formula: C3H4F3I

General procedure: Example 20A Methyl 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3,5-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate 1.246 g (3.825 mmol) of caesium carbonate were added to a solution of 402 mg (1.25 mmol) of the compound from Ex. 18A in 12.3 ml of DMF, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 10 min. Then 452 mg (3.18 mmol) of iodomethane were added, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 22 h. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between water (75 ml) and dichloromethane (75 ml). The aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The residue obtained was chromatographed on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate eluent). 248 mg (59% of theory) of the title compound were obtained. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, delta/ppm): 4.47 (t, 2H), 4.14-4.06 (m, 4H), 3.65 (t, 2H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 2.86-2.73 (m, 5H), 2.65-2.54 (m, 2H) LC/MS (Method 3): Rt=1.39 min, m/z=477 [M+H]+.

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 460-37-7, its application will become more common.

Reference:
Patent; BAYER PHARMA AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT; HAeRTER, Michael; KOSEMUND, Dirk; DELBECK, Martina; KALTHOF, Bernd; WASNAIRE, Pierre; SUessMEIER, Frank; LUSTIG, Klemens; (369 pag.)US2018/65981; (2018); A1;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Analyzing the synthesis route of Methyl 2-chloro-5-iodobenzoate

According to the analysis of related databases, 620621-48-9, the application of this compound in the production field has become more and more popular.

Electric Literature of 620621-48-9, In the chemical reaction process, reaction time, type of solvent, can easily affect the result of the reaction, thereby determining the yield and properties of the reaction product. An updated downstream synthesis route of 620621-48-9 as follows.

1. Synthetic routeAmong them, the condition (c) is LiBH4, toluene, 100 to 105 C, 30 to 35 min.2, the synthesis step(1) The purified intermediate compound C (C1, C2, C3) (0.5 g, 1.51 mmol, 1.51 mmol, 1.69 mmol) was weighed, and nitrogen gas was used as a protective gas. After adding 20 mL of toluene solvent, lithium borohydride (1.81 mmol, 1.81 mmol, 2.03 mmol) was added and reacted in an oil bath at 100-105 C for 30-35 min. The reaction endpoint was detected by TLC [developing agent: V (petroleum ether) / V (ethyl acetate) = 6 / 1];(2) After the reaction is completed, Slowly add 4M HCl solution under magnetic stirring to adjust the pH value of the system to 3~4.Add 50mL of deionized water, It was directly extracted with three portions of ethyl acetate and dried over anhydrous MgSO4. Then, it is filtered and concentrated to obtain a crude product of the compound intermediate D(D1,D2,D3). Purified by silica gel column chromatography [eluent: V ( petroleum ether) / V (ethyl acetate) = 12 / 1] The compound intermediate D(D1,D2,D3) is obtained, the white solids were 74%, 61% and 80%, respectively.

According to the analysis of related databases, 620621-48-9, the application of this compound in the production field has become more and more popular.

Reference:
Patent; Guangdong University of Technology; Zhao Suqing; Zhang Bingjie; Feng Dongyan; Zhong Yingying; Huang Jinqu; Wu Ke; Ling Huaying; Tan Qiting; Chen Yanting; Zhao Jiawei; Ma Zhuolin; Jiang Zhengyun; Yang Yang; Zhu Qiuyan; Hong Weiqian; (37 pag.)CN110143869; (2019); A;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Share a compound : 2-(3-Iodophenyl)acetic acid

The chemical industry reduces the impact on the environment during synthesis 2-(3-Iodophenyl)acetic acid. I believe this compound will play a more active role in future production and life.

Electric Literature of 1878-69-9, Each compound has different characteristics, and only by selecting the characteristics of the compound suitable for a specific situation can the compound be applied on a large scale. 1878-69-9, name is 2-(3-Iodophenyl)acetic acid, This compound has unique chemical properties. The synthetic route is as follows.

200 mg (0.73 mmol) of (3-iodophenyl)acetic acid were dissolved in 4 mL of N,N dimethylacetamide and 244 mg (0.76 mmol) of TBTU, followed by 150 mu (o.80 mmol) of N-diisopropyl-N’-ethyl amine and 177 mg (1.1 mmol) of 3- (trifluoromethyl)aniline were added. The mixture was maintained at room temperature for 2 hours, then diluted withethylacetate, washed with aqueous NaHC03, HQ 2N, water and brine. The crude was triturated with a mixture diisopropyl ether-hexane affording, after filteration, 200 mg of the title compound as a white solid (68%). 1H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-de) delta ppm 7.14 (t, J=7.75 Hz, 1 H) 7.35 (d, J=7.69 Hz, 1 H) 7.40 (d, J=7.81 Hz, 1 H) 7.55 (t, J=7.99 Hz, 1 H) 7.63 (dt, J=7.84, 1.39 Hz, 1 H) 7.73 (t, J=1.59 Hz, 1 H) 7.77 (d, J=8.30 Hz, 1 H) 8.08 (s, 1 H) 10.50 (s, 1 H)

The chemical industry reduces the impact on the environment during synthesis 2-(3-Iodophenyl)acetic acid. I believe this compound will play a more active role in future production and life.

Reference:
Patent; NERVIANO MEDICAL SCIENCES S.R.L.; ANGIOLINI, Mauro; BUFFA, Laura; MENICHINCHERI, Maria; MOTTO, Ilaria; POLUCCI, Paolo; TRAQUANDI, Gabriella; ZUCCOTTO, Fabio; WO2014/184069; (2014); A1;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com